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金融 中英
日內(nèi)瓦票據(jù)法體系的票據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)擔(dān)規(guī)則
Instrument Risk Bearing Rules of Geneva System of Negotiable Instrument Laws
本文所指的票據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)擔(dān)規(guī)則是指票據(jù)交易過程中出現(xiàn)偽造，變造以及無權(quán)代理等情況下，不當(dāng)行為人所造成的損失，在不當(dāng)行為人消失或無力清償時(shí)，應(yīng)如何在其它票據(jù)當(dāng)事人之間進(jìn)行分配的法律規(guī)定。 日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一票據(jù)法對此并無明確規(guī)定，或者說其法律規(guī)定并未特別著眼于這一問題，而是以票據(jù)行為理論，票據(jù)文義性理論，票據(jù)無因性理論作支持，在嚴(yán)格區(qū)分票據(jù)責(zé)任與非票據(jù)責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)上，規(guī)定了票據(jù)偽造，票據(jù)變造，票據(jù)無權(quán)代理等制度。 但從這些制度中，不難分析出其有關(guān)票據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)擔(dān)的各種規(guī)則。
The instrument risk bearing rules mentioned in this article refer to the legal provisions on distribution of losses resulted from improper actors owing to forgery, falsification or unauthorized agency during instrument exchanges among other instrument parties after the improper actors disappear or unable to make financial solvency, for which the Geneva uniform negotiable instrument law has no definite provisions or its legal provisions have no special stress on such issue but support from instrument act theory, instrument literally determined content theory and instrument non-causation theory and specifies relevant systems on instrument falsification, forgery and unauthorized agency on base of strict delimitation between instrument liabilities and non- instrument liabilities. However, from these systems, we may get different rules for relevant instrument risks bearing.
在票據(jù)偽造情形中，根據(jù)簽章人負(fù)責(zé)原則，偽造人自身作為票據(jù)簽章人以外的第三人，不承擔(dān)任何票據(jù)責(zé)任，但必須對因偽造人的票據(jù)偽造行為而使權(quán)利受到侵害的人承擔(dān)民事?lián)p害賠償責(zé)任;被偽造人原則上不承擔(dān)任何票據(jù)責(zé)任，無論被偽造人就票據(jù)偽造是否有過失，或者持票人取得該票據(jù)時(shí)就票據(jù)偽造是否為善意，對被偽造人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任一事均無任何影響。 但被偽造人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任并不是絕對的，在被偽造人就偽造票據(jù)成立表見代行時(shí)，以及被偽造人對偽造票據(jù)予以追認(rèn)時(shí)，被偽造人應(yīng)承擔(dān)票據(jù)責(zé)任;票據(jù)上其它真實(shí)簽章的效力不受影響。 [31]但被偽造人不承擔(dān)票據(jù)責(zé)任并非意味著其不承擔(dān)票據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 在偽造背書情況下，根據(jù)日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一票據(jù)法第16條第1項(xiàng)，占有票據(jù)并能證明票據(jù)上之背書連續(xù)不中斷者，即被推定為票據(jù)之權(quán)利人，如付款人已對該善意持票人付款，則被偽造背書之原權(quán)利人將無法取得票據(jù)金額之給付，由此說明對偽造背書引發(fā)的票據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由被偽造人承擔(dān)。 而在出票偽造情況下，付款人如沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)偽造事實(shí)而進(jìn)行了付款，付款人不能借記出票人帳戶，即付款人對出票偽造的票據(jù)進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤付款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，由付款人自己承擔(dān)(但在支票領(lǐng)域，法律通常允許客戶和銀行間對偽造出票的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)嫁于被偽造人進(jìn)行特別約定)。gxgkickz.com
According to the signer responsibility principle, as the third Party Beyond instrument signers, the adulterator does not have to bear any instrument liability but the civil damage compensation liability to the damaged persons for its instrument falsification behaviors. As a general rule, the forged party will not bear any instrument liability, which is not influenced by the fact whether the forged party is negligent in instrument forgery or the holder is bona fide to instrument forgery. However, it is not absolute for the forged party to free from any liability. The forged party shall bear the instrument liability if it acts for establishment of forged instruments or admits retroactively forged instruments. The validity of other true signatures on the instrument will not be influenced. [31] However, the fact that the forged party which does not have to bear the instrument liability does not mean that it may be free from instrument risks. According to Item 1 of Article 16 of the Geneva Uniform Negotiable Instrument Law, if the endorsement is forged, any party possessing the instrument and proving the instrument endorsement continuously will be regarded as the instrument obligee. If the payer has paid the bona fide holder, the original obligee of forged endorsement can not get the amount on the instrument, which indicates that the instrument risks resulted from forged endorsement will be borne by the forged party. If the drawing is forged and the drawee can not find forgery but gives payment, the drawee can not debit it into the drawer's account. That is to say, the drawee shall bear the wrong payment risks for forged drawing (but in check field, relevant laws always allow client and banks to reach special agreements on transfer of forged drawing risks to the forged party).
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翻譯樣本 
